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Animal china wholesale Behaviour 36 372379

P. jonicus tessellatus china wholesale (Fischer, 1853) (n) 721 EL 3

Empathetic nuptial gift size in bush-crickets: an diagnostic of the genus Poecilimon (Tettigoniidae:

Orthoptera).(Report)
Regardless the probable gains to males, generating big spermatophores is costly, given that they represent a deficits in upcoming reproductive certainly likely (Simmons 1988a, 1990, 1995a; Heller & von Helversen 1991; Vahed 2007), the prices of that are able to differ with factors namely regional expanding conditions and diet (Halliday 1987, Simmons 1988a, Simmons et al. 1993).
Comparisons among species throughout a genus may just be especially resourceful since many variables that appears to be shared by congeners are retained incessant (Ridley 1983, Felsenstein 1985, Harvey 1991, Harvey & Pagel 1991). The objective of this learn was to compare spermatophore and body-mass informations from meadow observations in the diverse bush-cricket genus Poecilimon. Poecilimon species share an analogous diet and morphology, and whilst we recognize which this genus doesn't represent the entire variation positioned in bush-crickets, we show here which diversity in spermatophore size estimates family-wide diversity, so variations in diet and relatedness are, up to a point, restrained for. Within this paper, we try on the ejaculateprotection and paternal-investment theories in Poecilimon by studying the correlations amidst the spermatophore components: spermatophylax mass, ampulla mass and seminal fluid number.
Family member spermatophore mass was computed as the proportion of male body volume per individual, and therefore the mean for all people taken to compute a species average. On chance, the spermatophore mass and male body volume were taken from distinct males, therefore, the average spermatophore mass was divided by the common male mass to give family member spermatophore mass.
. But still, full informations sets with multi species can give a lot better awareness of how the air influences spermatophore size. Therefore,, we restrictive our utilization of the entire informations set to illustrative comparisons, and merely functioned examines on reduced informations sets which contained just one of each one taxa.., meadow observations were preferred beyond laboratory observations) and also to sample size (Table 1). Except if another way stated, statistics with multi observations taken away are presented in text and figures.
P., Heller et al. 2004). Informations for the existing paper were from laboratory-reared people for this species, even though observations from inside the meadow imply that this diversity in size estimates which found in its surrounding. Our intention within this paper was to compare among field-observed animals, avoiding any confounds imposed by lab-reared species. But still, simply by taxonomy, P. mytilenensis is normal for Poecilimon and huge variations in spermatophore components have a tendency to represent credible variations in the genus. Initial diagnostic which contained informations from P. mytilenensis also showed which its effect on our awareness of mating systems within Poecilimon required further inspection. We therefore, replicated all examines a 2nd time, with the addition of P. mytilenensis, in order to straight up compare this with variations positioned in all of those other genus.
To stabilize the info, all variables were log10 transmuted former to diagnostic except if another way stated. Two models of diagnostic were functioned. First, the relationship coefficients amidst male body volume and every of spermatophore mass, spermatophylax mass, ampulla mass, and seminal fluid number were computed. 2nd, the general result of male body mass (MBM) was appraised per parameter exploiting least-squares regressions and the residuals per inhabitants tested, to disclose good examples where male investments were beyond or under anticipation based on the all in all allometric relations..
There's also a very big range in seminal fluid number within Poecilimon, , ,,, ; Fig. 2)., , p
. P. hoelzeli, for example, is more than fifteen times the weight of P. pergamicus (Table 1) and produces an accordingly big spermatophore of up to 454 mg, . pergamicus. In the genus,, ,, , Table 2). Equally, , , p
Beneath the ejaculate-protection theory, the spermatophylax might be observed as a sperm-protection device, enabling the exchange of a maximum number of seminal fluid, and being mostly impacted by seminal fluid competitiveness. But still, chemicals within the orgasm itself could augment male personal training by functioning to maximise onset of egglaying,., Reinhold & von Helversen 1997; Vahed 1998; 2003, 2006, 2007; Arnqvist & Rowe 2005). Our learn reflects which discharge of the orgasm can be more vital simply by spermatophylax function than the discharge of seminal fluid for each search engine. Whilst we found a substantial association, ampulla mass merely clarified a modicum of diversity in seminal fluid number within Poecilimon.
. Wedell 1993a, Vahed & Gilbert 1996, Wedell 1997, Vahed 2007), specifying which diversity in spermatophore size is less likely as a result of relatedness or diet solitary.., P. affinis, P. erimanthos, P. hamatus, P. jonicus, P. laevissimus, P. thessalicus, P. veluchianus). We discovered that all spermatophore components in Poecilimon scale approximately with male body volume, but big variations are noticeable in family member investment when body volume is taken under consideration.
Spermatophore diversities amidst meadow and laboratory-raised people. --Essentially, we found big diversities amidst laboratoryreared people and the ones from inside the meadow. For instance, P. v. little males reared within the clinical had a bigger body volume and beyond two times as many seminal fluid for each spermatophore, compared against those within the meadow. The talk was true for P. v. veluchianus, that had a bigger number of seminal fluid in people grouped within the meadow.. Equally, P. affinis differs appreciably in seminal fluid number in clinical and meadow observations, with almost five times more seminal fluid in laboratory-reared people; but it is tough to appraise no matter if this indicates atmosphere diversities or prejudice as a result of petite sample size. Laboratory-reared animals it appears to be like, usually show extreme variations in spermatophore ingredient size. This can offer important info in some a situation; but still, given the highly multi-ply mother nature of spermatophore production, we advise caution when translating spermatophore function exploiting laboratory-reared animals, petite sample dimensions, or implies from temporary observations.
Final thoughts
Illustrative examines of spermatophore size with honour to phylogeny and diet would be crucial to developing an infinitely more complete empathetic of the evolutionary importance of diversity in spermatophore size. Spermatophore ingredient size in Poecilimon seems to be evolutionarily labile and an overall absence of association within Poecilimon amidst family member spermatophore-component size and male body volume, indicates diversities connected with mating method. This, mixed with a scarcity of association amidst spermatophore ingredient size, reflects which valid orgasm exchange, not seminal fluid drainage for each search engine, is known as a elemental influence within the progression of spermatophore size. Mating endeavour and paternal investment aren't mutually exceptional and extra diagnostic within Poecilimon on the lead association amidst the quantity of seminal fluid which drains in to the female and its correlation to spermatophore-consumption time is required for a whole awareness of the family member affects of orgasm defence and paternal investment on spermatophore size. Given the importance of seminal fluid competitiveness in evolutionary biology, studies within and amidst closely correlated species in natural populations are required to develop knowledge of the proceedings which influence the progression of nuptial feasting in insects.
Appendix 1. Table expressing the spot where each Poecilimon species was witnessed. (The site spots per species taken from the literature are listed at the bottom of Table 1).
P. aegaeus, GREECE: Island of Andros within the Cyclades, (37[degrees]83' N, 24[degrees]93'E), 29 iv 1996
P. affinis III, GREECE: Beside the hamlet Pisodherion, Florina, (40[degrees]46'N, 21[degrees]16'E) (date untold)
P. amissus, GREECE: Island of Lesvos. Mytilini, near Vrissa (39[degrees]02'N, 26[degrees]11'E), 23 v 1993
P. anatolicus, GREECE: Drama, Kato Vrondou north-east of Serrai (41[degrees]16'N, 23[degrees]44'E), 1 vi 1983
P. brunneri, GREECE: Evros, 1 kilometre east of Peplos (before the Turkish boundary) (40[degrees]57'N, 26[degrees]17'E), 1-31 v 1996
P. deplanatus, GREECE: Island of Karpathos, near Lefkos (35[degrees]35'N, 27[degrees]4'E), 15-20 v 2005
P. elegans, ITALY: Istrien, near Triest (45[degrees]39'N, 13[degrees]46'E), 1-31 viii 1992
P. erimanthos I, GREECE: Peloponnes, N. Elia, Erimanthos valley, east of the Koumani hamlet (37[degrees]48'N, 21[degrees]47'E), 1997
P. erimanthos II, GREECE: Peloponnes, N. Elia, Erimanthos valley, east of the Koumani hamlet (37[degrees]48'N, 21[degrees]47'E), vi 1990
P. gracilis, GREECE: Beside the hamlet Pisodherion, Northern Florina, (40[degrees]46'N, 21[degrees]16'E) (date untold)
P. hamatus I, GREECE: Island of Samos; (37[degrees]44'N, 26[degrees]46'E), 1998
P. hamatus II, GREECE: Island of Rhodes; (36[degrees]11'N, 28[degrees]03'E), 2005
P. hoelzeli I, GREECE: Karditsa, amidst Loutropigi and Mesochori (39[degrees]05'N, 22[degrees]03'E), 19 v 1989
P. hoelzeli II, GREECE: Karditsa, near Makrirahi, (39[degrees]06'N, 22[degrees]07'E), vi 1990
P. ikariensis, GREECE: Aegaean Island chain, N. Samos, Ikaria: 3 kilometre northwest Ag. Kyrikos (37[degrees]37'N, 26[degrees]16'E), 22 v 1998
P. jonicus jonicus I, GREECE: Thesprotia, Kallithea, 25 kilometre east of Igoumenitsa (39[degrees]33'N, 20[degrees]27'E), 4 vi 1992
P. jonicus superbus, ITALY: L'Aquila, Grandma Sasso: 10 kilometre west of Fonte Cerreto (42[degrees]27'N, 13[degrees]25'E), 1300 m, 1-3 ix 1996
P. jonicus tessellatus, GREECE: Peloponnes: N Ano Diakopto, Haikos gorge (37[degrees]83'N, 22[degrees]93'E), 27 iv 1996
P. laevissimus I, GREECE: Lakonia, Mistras (37[degrees]4'N, 22[degrees]22'E), 1-30iv 1983
P. laevissimus II, GREECE: Ilia Peloponnes, Erimanthos -Tal 6 kilometre east of Koumanis (37[degrees]48'N, 21[degrees]47'E), 24 v 1992 and GREECE: Aitolia-Akarnania, Astakos (38[degrees]32'N, 21[degrees]4'E), 25 v 1992
P. laevissimus III, GREECE: Peloponnes: Ithomi beside the primitive Messenian wrecks (37[degrees]15'N, 21[degrees] 94'E), and near a monastery within the Mistras of Lakonia (37[degrees]4'N, 22[degrees]22'E), 5-6 v 1996
P. laevissimus IV, GREECE: Peloponnes, N. Elia, Erimanthos valley, east of the Koumani hamlet (37[degrees]48'N, 21[degrees]47'E), 1997
P. macedonicus, GREECE: Mt. Chortiatis east of Thessaloniki beyond the the city of Panorama (1990) (40[degrees]34'N, 23[degrees]06'E), 1990
P. marmaraensis TURKEY: Kirklareli, 10 kilometre west of Luleburgaz (intersection afterwards Saricaali) (41[degrees]25'N, 27[degrees]15'E), 1-31 v 1996
P. nobilis, GREECE: Peloponnes, N. Elia, Erimanthos valley, east of the Koumani hamlet (37[degrees]48'N, 21[degrees]47'E), v/vi 1992
P. obesus, GREECE: Aitolia-Akarnania, Bambini, northern from Astakos (38[degrees]40'N, 21[degrees]8'E), 25 v 1992 and GREECE: Aitolia-Akarnania, Acheloos-Mund., Koutsilaris (38[degrees]21'N, 21[degrees]10'E), 200 m, 25 v 1992
P. ornatus I, ITALY: Medeazza; north Italy (45[degrees]47'N, 13[degrees]36'E), 1996 P. ornatus II, SLOVENIA: Loibl-Pass (46[degrees]26'N, 14[degrees]15'E), 1995
P. pergamicus, GREECE: Island of Lesbos. Mytilini, Moria (Aqueduct) (39[degrees]07'N, 26[degrees]30'E), 28 v 1993
P. gerlindae, GREECE: Domokos, N. Fthiotis (39[degrees]06'N, 22[degrees]18'E), 8-17 vi 1992
P. sanctipauli I, GREECE: Island of Rhodos (28[degrees]03'E, 36[degrees]11'N), 31 v 1996
P. sanctipauli II, GREECE: Island of Samos (37[degrees]44'N, 26[degrees]46'E), 31 v 1996
P. ege, GREECE: Island of Samos (distinct localities) (37[degrees]44'N, 26[degrees]46'E), 31 v 1996
P. thessalicus I, GREECE: Pieria, northern west of the hamlet of Elatochori (40[degrees]19'N, 22[degrees]15'E), 1997
P. thessalicus II, GREECE: Pieria, northern west of the hamlet of Elatochori (40[degrees]19'N, 22[degrees]15'E), 1997
P. thessalicus III, GREECE: Pieria, northern west of the hamlet of Elatochori (40[degrees]19'N, 22[degrees]15'E), 1998
P. thessalicus IV,, northern east of Thessaloniki (40[degrees]49'N, 23[degrees]08'E), 1990
P. turcicus, GREECE: Island of Lesbos; Mytilini, near Larissos (Kolpos Geras), (39[degrees]07'N, 26[degrees]26'E), 28 v 1993
P. ukrainicus, UKRAINE: Kiev and Cherkaska Oblast, Kanev Forest Reserve, and neighbourhood (49[degrees]44'N, 31[degrees]30'E), 18-23 vi 1996
P. unispinosus, GREECE: Island of Chios (distinct localities) (38[degrees]22'N, 26[degrees]08'E), v 1995
P. v. little I, GREECE: Nomos Fthiotis, Makrakomi, beside the hamlet of Tsouka (38[degrees]57'N, 22[degrees]05'E), 1995
P. v. little III, GREECE: Nomos Fthiotis, Makrakomi, beside the hamlet of Tsouka (38[degrees]57'N, 22[degrees]05'E), 1998
P. v. veluchianus I, GREECE: Nomos Fthiotis, 3 kilometre northern of the hamlet of Vitoli, beside the hamlet of Makrakomi (38[degrees]58'N, 22[degrees]01'E), 1995
P. werneri, GREECE: Beside the city of Astakos, in the region of Aitolia-Akarnania (38[degrees]32'N, 21[degrees]4'E), 25 v 1992
P. zimmeri I, GREECE: Fokis, beside the the city of Kalascopi, South of Mt Oiti (38[degrees]42'N, 22[degrees]19'E), 900 m, v 1990
P. zimmeri II, GREECE: Beside the Delphi primitive brow in the region of Fokis (38[degrees]28'N, 22[degrees]29'E), 2002
Acknowledgements
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. 1972. Parental investment and sensual option. In: Campbell, B. (Ed.) Sensual Option and the Descent of Man. Aldine, Chicago.
Unal M. 2005. Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Turkey and the center East. Exchanges of the American Entomological Society, Philadelphia. 131: 425-448.
Vahed K. 1994. The progression and function of the spermatophylax in bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). PhD Thesis, College of Nottingham.
Vahed K. 1998. The function of nuptial feasting in insects: review of empirical studies. Biological Feedbacks Cambridge Philosophical Society 73: 43-78.
Vahed K. 2002. Coercive copulation within the alpine bushcricket Anonconotus alpinus Yersin (Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini). Ethology 108: 1065-1075.
Vahed K. 2003. Quickens in egg production in propagate mated female bushcrickets Leptophyes punctatissima aren't as a result of compounds within the nuptial gift. Environmental Entomology 28: 124-128.
Vahed K. 2006. Larger orgasm capacities are linked with a reduce level of polyandry across bushcricket taxa. Processes of the Royal Society of London, Ranges B 273: 2387-2394.
Vahed K. 2007. Comparative substantiation for a price to males of manipulating gals in bush-crickets. Behavioral Ecology 18: 499-506.
Vahed K.,. 1996. Diversities across taxa in nuptial gift size correlate with diversities in seminal fluid number and orgasm loudness in bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Processes of the Royal Society of London, Ranges B 263: 1257-1265.
.,. 1999. Testosterone and societal and reproductive behaviour in Aphelocoma jays. Animal Behaviour 58: 943-951.
., Michener R.,. 2005. The energetics of trading nuptial souvenirs for copulations in katydids. Physical and Biochemical Zoology 3: 417-23.
.,.,.. 2006. Nuptial feasting is mirrored in tissue nitrogen isotope quotients of female katydids. Functional Ecology 20: 656-661.
Wedell N. 1991. Seminal fluid competitiveness chooses for nuptial feasting in a bushcricket. Progression 45: 1975-1978.
Wedell N. 1992. Protandry and friend valuation within the wartbiter Decticus verrucivorus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 31: 301-308.
Wedell N. 1993a. Spermatophore size in bushcrickets: comparative substantiation for nuptial souvenirs as a seminal fluid defence device. Progression 47: 1203-1212.
Wedell N. 1993b. Mating endeavour or paternal investment? Incorporation proportion and price of male contributions within the wartbiter. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 32: 239-246.
Wedell N. 1994a. Diversity in nuptial gift virtue in shrub crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Behavioural Ecology 5: 418-425.
Wedell N. 1994b. Plural function of the bushcricket spermatophore. Processes of the Royal Society of London B 258: 181-185.
Wedell N. 1997. Orgasm size within the bushcrickets: the significance of being big. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10: 315-325.
Wedell N., Arak A. 1989. The wartbiter spermatophore and its result on female reproductive outflow (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Decticus verrucivorus). Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 24: 117-125.
Wedell N.,.,. 2002. Seminal fluid competitiveness, male wisdom and sperm-limited gals. Styles in Ecology and Progression 17: 313-320.
[Fact 8 OMITTED]
JAY MCCARTNEY, MURRAY A. POTTER, ALASTAIR W. ROBERTSON, KIM TELSCHER, GERLIND LEHMANN, ARNE LEHMANN, DAGMAR VON-HELVERSEN, KLAUS REINHOLD, ROLAND ACHMANN, KLAUS-GERHARD HELLER
(JM, MAP, AWR] Ecology Team, Institute of Natural Bounty, Massey College, Palmerston Northern, New Zealand.
(JM, K-GH, Dv-H] Friedrich Alexander Universitat: Institute fur Zoology II; Erlangen, Nurnberg. Germany.
(KT) Maximal Planck Institute for Ornithology,,D-82305 Starnberg (Seewiesen) Germany.
(GL) Universitat fur Zoologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Abteilung Evolutionsbiologie, Konigin-Luise-StraBe 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
(AL) Friedensallee 37, D-14532 Stahnsdorf, Germany.
(KR) Institut fur Evolutionsbiologie und Okologie, der Universitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
(RA) GenteQ, Falkenried 88, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany.
Table 1. Mean male body volume and seminal fluid number with family member and factual
mean spermatophore, spermatophylax, ampulla masses and seminal fluid number of
33 Poecilimon spp. (36 taxa, 62 independent observations) (n = number
of people). Each species is listed with the describer and with
mention of the collectors or source of e-newsletter (see key at
bottom for useful resource). Some species with one or more independent
observation are incomparable by Roman digits. Status of
observations: meadow observations (F); exlarvae examples (EL) which
were field-obtained, but permitted to mature in big cages within the
whereabouts of the natural inhabitants; purely lab-reared (L)
people. Family member seminal fluid number (rel#) = seminal fluid number / male
body volume ([micro]g). Dashes (-) stand for a scarcity of amassed
info and on chance informations have been advertised more than
once, so we refer to original periodicals.

Male body volume

Species/source/collector mg loc n

P. aegaeus Werner, 1932 (a) 849 EL 10
P. affinis I (Frivaldsky, 1867) (b) 1440 F 168
P. affinis II (Frivaldsky, 1867) (c) 1572 F 5
P. affinis III (Frivaldsky, 1867) (d) -- -- --
P. affinis IV (Frivaldsky, 1867) (e) 1328 F 4
P. amissus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (f) 410 EL 8
P. anatolicus Ramme, 1933 (g) 694 EL 2
P. brunneri (Frivaldsky, 1867) (h) 320 F 9
P. deplanatus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 (i) 449 F 15
P. ege Unal, 2005 (f) 568 F 4
P. elegans (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878) (j) 272 L 3
P. erimanthos I Willemse & Heller, 1992 (k) 650 F 25
P. erimanthos II Willemse & Heller, 1992 (l) 583 F 5
P. gerlindae Lehmann Willemse & Heller, 552 F 9
2006 (f)
P. gracilis (Fieber, 1853) (d) 530 F 6
P. hamatus I Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (f) 517 F 5
P. hamatus II Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (f) 466 F A dozen
P. hoelzeli I Harz, 1966 (f) 2960 F 3
P. hoelzeli II Harz, 1966 (d) 2250 F >10
P. ikariensis Willemse, 1982 (m) 473 F 5
P. jonicus jonicus I (Kollar, 1853 in 352 F 6
Fieber) (f)
P. jonicus jonicus II (Kollar, 1853 in 324 F 4
Fieber) (e)
P. jonicus superbus (Fischer, 1853) (f) 306 F 2

P. laevissimus I (Fischer, 1853) (f) 759 EL 1
P. laevissimus II (Fischer, 1853) (f) 731 EL 5
P. laevissimus III (Fischer, 1853) (n) 744 EL 4
P. laevissimus IV (Fischer, 1853) (o) 781 F 50
P. macedonicus Ramme, 1926 (d) 302 F A dozen
P. mariannae Heller, 1988 (p) 583 EL 21
P. marmaraensis Naskrecki, 1991 (h) 490 EL 8
P. mytilenensis Werner, 1932 (q, f) 822 F 4
P. nobilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878) (f) 1405 F 6
P. obesus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878) (f) 1869 F 5
P. ornatus I (Schmidt, 1849) (r) discount electronics online 2552 F 9
P. ornatus II (Schmidt, 1849) (f) 2957 EL 8
P. pergamicus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 (f) 174 electronic wholesale F 5
P. sanctipauli I Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1234 EL 4
1878 (f)
P. sanctipauli II Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1355 F 1
1878 (f)
P. schmidtii (Fieber, 1853) (e) 525 F 8
P. thessalicus I Brunner von Wattenwyl, 442 F 48
1891 (s)
P. thessalicus II Brunner von Wattenwyl, 507 F 5
1891 (s)
P. thessalicus III Brunner von Wattenwyl, 464 F 20
1891 (t)
P. thessalicus IV Brunner von Wattenwyl, 610 F 3
1891 (d)
P. turcicus Karabag, 1950 (f) 632 EL 3
P. ukrainicus Bey-Bienko, 1951 (f) 274 EL A dozen
P. unispinosus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 404 F 2
1878 (f)
P. v. little I Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (f) 439 F 19
P. v. little II Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (u) Four hundred F 83
P. v. little III Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (t) 327 F 70
P. v. little IV Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (v) 367 L 15
P. v. little V Heller & Reinhold, 1994 (v) -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus I Ramme, 1933 (f) 821 F 10
P. v. veluchianus II Ramme, 1933 (c) 661 F 13
P. v. veluchianus III Ramme, 1933 (b) 660 F 107
P. v. veluchianus IV Ramme, 1933 (v) 625 L 29
P. v. veluchianus V Ramme, 1934 (v) -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus VI Ramme, 1933 (w) -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus VII Ramme, 1933 (e) 710 F 1
P. werneri Ramme, 1933 (f) 318 EL 5
P. zimmeri I Ramme, 1933 (l) 711 F 7
P. zimmeri II Ramme, 1933 (x) 818 EL 91

Spermatophore mass

rel
Species/source/collector mg % loc n

P. aegaeus Werner,. affinis I (Frivaldsky, 1867) (b) 209 15 F 15
P. affinis II (Frivaldsky,. affinis III (Frivaldsky, 1867) (d) -- -- -- --
P. affinis IV (Frivaldsky,. amissus Brunner von Wattenwyl,. anatolicus Ramme,. brunneri (Frivaldsky,. deplanatus Brunner von Wattenwyl,. ege Unal,. elegans (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. erimanthos I Willemse & Heller,. erimanthos II Willemse & Heller,. gerlindae Lehmann Willemse & Heller, . gracilis (Fieber,. hamatus I Brunner von Wattenwyl,. hamatus II Brunner von Wattenwyl,. hoelzeli I Harz,. hoelzeli II Harz,. ikariensis Willemse,. jonicus jonicus I (Kollar,. jonicus jonicus II (Kollar,. jonicus superbus (Fischer,. jonicus tessellatus (Fischer,. laevissimus I (Fischer,. laevissimus II (Fischer,. laevissimus III (Fischer,. laevissimus IV (Fischer,. macedonicus Ramme,. mariannae Heller,. marmaraensis Naskrecki,. mytilenensis Werner, 1932 (q,. nobilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. obesus (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. ornatus I (Schmidt,. ornatus II (Schmidt,. pergamicus Brunner von Wattenwyl,. sanctipauli I Brunner von Wattenwyl, 308 25 EL 1
1878 (f)
P. sanctipauli II Brunner von Wattenwyl, . schmidtii (Fieber,. thessalicus I Brunner von Wattenwyl, 102 23 F 8
1891 (s)
P. thessalicus II Brunner von Wattenwyl, 146 29 F 5
1891 (s)
P. thessalicus III Brunner von Wattenwyl, 112 24 F 20
1891 (t)
P. thessalicus IV Brunner von Wattenwyl, . turcicus Karabag,. ukrainicus Bey-Bienko,. unispinosus Brunner von Wattenwyl, . v. little I Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (f) 87 20 F 19
P. v. little II Heller & Reinhold,. v. little III Heller & Reinhold,. v. little IV Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. little V Heller & Reinhold, 1994 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus I Ramme,. v. veluchianus II Ramme,. v. veluchianus III Ramme,. v. veluchianus IV Ramme, 1933 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus V Ramme, 1934 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus VI Ramme,. v. veluchianus VII Ramme,. werneri Ramme,. zimmeri I Ramme,. zimmeri II Ramme,. aegaeus Werner,. affinis I (Frivaldsky, 1867) (b) -- -- -- --
P. affinis II (Frivaldsky, 1867) (c) -- -- -- --
P. affinis III (Frivaldsky, 1867) (d) -- -- -- --
P. affinis IV (Frivaldsky,. amissus Brunner von Wattenwyl,. anatolicus Ramme, 1933 (g) -- -- -- --
P. brunneri (Frivaldsky, 1867) (h) 48 15 F 1
P. deplanatus Brunner von Wattenwyl,. ege Unal,. elegans (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. erimanthos I Willemse & Heller,. erimanthos II Willemse & Heller, 1992 (l) -- -- -- --
P. gerlindae Lehmann Willemse & Heller, . gracilis (Fieber, 1853) (d) -- -- -- --
P. hamatus I Brunner von Wattenwyl,. hamatus II Brunner von Wattenwyl,. hoelzeli I Harz,. hoelzeli II Harz, 1966 (d) -- -- -- --
P. ikariensis Willemse,. jonicus jonicus I (Kollar,. jonicus jonicus II (Kollar,. jonicus superbus (Fischer, 1853) (f) -- -- -- --
P. jonicus tessellatus (Fischer,. laevissimus I (Fischer, 1853) (f) -- -- -- --
P. laevissimus II (Fischer,. laevissimus III (Fischer,. laevissimus IV (Fischer,. macedonicus Ramme, 1926 (d) -- -- -- --
P. mariannae Heller,. marmaraensis Naskrecki,. mytilenensis Werner, 1932 (q,. nobilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. obesus (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. ornatus I (Schmidt,. ornatus II (Schmidt, 1849) (f) -- -- -- --
P. pergamicus Brunner von Wattenwyl,. sanctipauli I Brunner von Wattenwyl, -- -- -- --
1878 (f)
P. sanctipauli II Brunner von Wattenwyl, . schmidtii (Fieber,. thessalicus I Brunner von Wattenwyl, . thessalicus II Brunner von Wattenwyl, . thessalicus III Brunner von Wattenwyl, . thessalicus IV Brunner von Wattenwyl, -- -- -- --
1891 (d)
P. turcicus Karabag,. ukrainicus Bey-Bienko,. unispinosus Brunner von Wattenwyl, . v. little I Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (f) -- -- -- --
P. v. little II Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (u) -- -- -- --
P. v. little III Heller & Reinhold,. v. little IV Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. little V Heller & Reinhold, 1994 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus I Ramme, 1933 (f) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus II Ramme, 1933 (c) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus III Ramme, 1933 (b) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus IV Ramme, 1933 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus V Ramme, 1934 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus VI Ramme, 1933 (w) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus VII Ramme,. werneri Ramme,. zimmeri I Ramme, 1933 (l) -- -- -- --
P. zimmeri II Ramme, 1933 (x) -- -- -- --

Ampulla mass

rel
Species/source/collector mg % loc n

P. aegaeus Werner, 1932 (a) 34 4 EL 7
P. affinis I (Frivaldsky, 1867) (b) -- -- -- --
P. affinis II (Frivaldsky, 1867) (c) -- -- -- --
P. affinis III (Frivaldsky, 1867) (d) -- -- -- --
P. affinis IV (Frivaldsky,. amissus Brunner von Wattenwyl,. anatolicus Ramme, 1933 (g) -- -- -- --
P. brunneri (Frivaldsky,. deplanatus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 (i) 9 2 F 4
P. ege Unal,. elegans (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. erimanthos I Willemse & Heller,. erimanthos II Willemse & Heller, 1992 (l) -- -- -- --
P. gerlindae Lehmann Willemse & Heller, . gracilis (Fieber, 1853) (d) -- -- -- --
P. hamatus I Brunner von Wattenwyl,. hamatus II Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (f) 9 2 F 3
P. hoelzeli I Harz, 1966 (f) 61 2 F 1
P. hoelzeli II Harz, 1966 (d) -- -- -- --
P. ikariensis Willemse,. jonicus jonicus I (Kollar,. jonicus jonicus II (Kollar,. jonicus superbus (Fischer, 1853) (f) -- -- -- --
P. jonicus tessellatus (Fischer,. laevissimus I (Fischer, 1853) (f) -- -- -- --
P. laevissimus II (Fischer, 1853) (f) 8 1 EL 3
P. laevissimus III (Fischer,. laevissimus IV (Fischer,. macedonicus Ramme, 1926 (d) -- -- -- --
P. mariannae Heller,. marmaraensis Naskrecki,. mytilenensis Werner, 1932 (q,. nobilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. obesus (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. ornatus I (Schmidt,. ornatus II (Schmidt, 1849) (f) -- -- -- --
P. pergamicus Brunner von Wattenwyl,. sanctipauli I Brunner von Wattenwyl, -- -- -- --
1878 (f)
P. sanctipauli II Brunner von Wattenwyl, . schmidtii (Fieber,. thessalicus I Brunner von Wattenwyl, . thessalicus II Brunner von Wattenwyl, . thessalicus III Brunner von Wattenwyl, . thessalicus IV Brunner von Wattenwyl, -- -- -- --
1891 (d)
P. turcicus Karabag, 1950 (f) 50 8 EL 2
P. ukrainicus Bey-Bienko,. unispinosus Brunner von Wattenwyl, . v. little I Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (f) -- -- -- --
P. v. little II Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (u) -- -- -- --
P. v. little III Heller & Reinhold,. v. little IV Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. little V Heller & Reinhold, 1994 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus I Ramme, 1933 (f) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus II Ramme, 1933 (c) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus III Ramme, 1933 (b) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus IV Ramme, 1933 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus V Ramme, 1934 (v) -- -- -- --
P. v. veluchianus VI Ramme,. v. veluchianus VII Ramme,. werneri Ramme,. zimmeri I Ramme, 1933 (l) -- -- -- --
P. zimmeri II Ramme, 1933 (x) -- -- -- --

Seminal fluid number

rel . aegaeus Werner, 1932 (a) -- --
P. affinis I (Frivaldsky, 1867) (b) -- --
P. affinis II (Frivaldsky, 1867) (c) -- --
P. affinis III (Frivaldsky,. affinis IV (Frivaldsky,. amissus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (f) -- --
P. anatolicus Ramme, 1933 (g) -- --
P. brunneri (Frivaldsky, 1867) (h) -- --
P. deplanatus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 (i) -- --
P. ege Unal,. elegans (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. erimanthos I Willemse & Heller,. erimanthos II Willemse & Heller,. gerlindae Lehmann Willemse & Heller, electronics wholesale . gracilis (Fieber,. hamatus I Brunner von Wattenwyl,. hamatus II Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (f) -- --
P. hoelzeli I Harz, 1966 (f) -- --
P. hoelzeli II Harz,. ikariensis Willemse,. jonicus jonicus I (Kollar,. jonicus jonicus II (Kollar,. jonicus superbus (Fischer,. jonicus tessellatus (Fischer, 1853) (n) -- --
P. laevissimus I (Fischer, 1853) (f) -- --
P. laevissimus II (Fischer,. laevissimus III (Fischer, 1853) (n) -- --
P. laevissimus IV (Fischer,. macedonicus Ramme,. mariannae Heller,. marmaraensis Naskrecki, 1991 (h) -- --
P. mytilenensis Werner, 1932 (q,. nobilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. obesus (Brunner von Wattenwyl,. ornatus I (Schmidt, 1849) (r) -- --
P. ornatus II (Schmidt, 1849) (f) -- --
P. pergamicus Brunner von Wattenwyl,. sanctipauli I Brunner von Wattenwyl, -- --
1878 (f)
P. sanctipauli II Brunner von Wattenwyl, . schmidtii (Fieber,. thessalicus I Brunner von Wattenwyl, . thessalicus II Brunner von Wattenwyl, -- --
1891 (s)
P. thessalicus III Brunner von Wattenwyl, . thessalicus IV Brunner von Wattenwyl, . turcicus Karabag,. ukrainicus Bey-Bienko,. unispinosus Brunner von Wattenwyl, . v. little I Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (f) -- --
P. v. little II Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (u) -- --
P. v. little III Heller & Reinhold,. v. little IV Heller & Reinhold,. v. little V Heller & Reinhold,. v. veluchianus I Ramme, 1933 (f) -- --
P. v. veluchianus II Ramme, 1933 (c) -- --
P. v. veluchianus III Ramme, 1933 (b) -- --
P. v. veluchianus IV Ramme,. v. veluchianus V Ramme,. v. veluchianus VI Ramme,. v. veluchianus VII Ramme,. werneri Ramme,. zimmeri I Ramme,. zimmeri II Ramme, 1933 (x) -- --

Seminal fluid number

Species/source/collector loc n

P. aegaeus Werner, 1932 (a) -- --
P. affinis I (Frivaldsky, 1867) (b) -- --
P. affinis II (Frivaldsky, 1867) (c) -- --
P. affinis III (Frivaldsky, 1867) (d) L 3
P. affinis IV (Frivaldsky, 1867) (e) F 3
P. amissus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (f) -- --
P. anatolicus Ramme, 1933 (g) -- --
P. brunneri (Frivaldsky, 1867) (h) -- --
P. deplanatus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 (i) -- --
P. ege Unal, 2005 (f) F 3
P. elegans (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878) (j) L 3
P. erimanthos I Willemse & Heller, 1992 (k) F 19
P. erimanthos II Willemse & Heller, 1992 (l) F 4
P. gerlindae Lehmann Willemse & Heller, F 9
2006 (f)
P. gracilis (Fieber, 1853) (d) L 3
P. hamatus I Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (f) F 4
P. hamatus II Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (f) -- --
P. hoelzeli I Harz, 1966 (f) -- --
P. hoelzeli II Harz, 1966 (d) F 3
P. ikariensis Willemse, 1982 (m) F 4
P. jonicus jonicus I (Kollar, 1853 in F 6
Fieber) (f)
P. jonicus jonicus II (Kollar, 1853 in F 3
Fieber) (e)
P. jonicus superbus (Fischer, 1853) (f) F 1
P. jonicus tessellatus (Fischer, 1853) (n) -- --
P. laevissimus I (Fischer, 1853) (f) -- --
P. laevissimus II (Fischer, 1853) (f) EL 3
P. laevissimus III (Fischer, 1853) (n) -- --
P. laevissimus IV (Fischer, 1853) (o) F 7
P. macedonicus Ramme, 1926 (d) F 4
P. mariannae Heller, 1988 (p) EL 21
P. marmaraensis Naskrecki, 1991 (h) -- --
P. mytilenensis Werner, 1932 (q, f) L 3
P. nobilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878) (f) F 13
P. obesus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878) (f) F 10 discount electronics
P. ornatus I (Schmidt, 1849) (r) -- --
P. ornatus II (Schmidt, 1849) (f) -- --
P. pergamicus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 (f) F 1
P. sanctipauli I Brunner von Wattenwyl, -- --
1878 (f)
P. sanctipauli II Brunner von Wattenwyl, F 1
1878 (f)
P. schmidtii (Fieber, 1853) (e) F 2
P. thessalicus I Brunner von Wattenwyl, F 4
1891 (s)
P. thessalicus II Brunner von Wattenwyl, -- --
1891 (s)
P. thessalicus III Brunner von Wattenwyl, F 20
1891 (t)
P. thessalicus IV Brunner von Wattenwyl, F 2
1891 (d)
P. turcicus Karabag, 1950 (f) EL 2
P. ukrainicus Bey-Bienko, 1951 (f) F 4
P. unispinosus Brunner von Wattenwyl, F 2
1878 (f)
P. v. little I Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (f) -- --
P. v. little II Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (u) -- --
P. v. little III Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (t) F 19
P. v. little IV Heller & Reinhold, 1993 (v) L 18
P. v. little V Heller & Reinhold, 1994 (v) F 43
P. v. veluchianus I Ramme, 1933 (f) -- --
P. v. veluchianus II Ramme, 1933 (c) -- --
P. v. veluchianus III Ramme, 1933 (b) -- --
P. v. veluchianus IV Ramme, 1933 (v) L 36
P. v. veluchianus V Ramme, 1934 (v) F --
P. v. veluchianus VI Ramme, 1933 (w) L 34
P. v. veluchianus VII Ramme, 1933 (e) F 50
P. werneri Ramme, 1933 (f) EL 2
P. zimmeri I Ramme, 1933 (l) F 5
P. zimmeri II Ramme, 1933 (x) -- --

cheap electronics online Key:

(a) Lehmann, A. & Lehmann, G. (in squeeze)

(b) Heller & von Helversen (1991)

(c) Heller et al. (1998)

(d) Reinhold, K. (unpub.)

(e) Vahed & Gilbert (1996)

(f) Heller,. (unpub.)

(g) von Helversen, D. & Heller,. (unpub.)

(h) Braun, H. (unpub.)

(i) Heller,., Heller, M. & Volleth, M. (unpub.)

(j) Ingrisch, S. (unpub.)

(k) McCartney, J. & Heller,. (unpub.)

(l) Reinhold, K. & Heller,. (unpub.)

(m) Heller,. & Volleth, M. (unpub.)

(n) Lehmann, G. & Lehmann, A. (unpub.)

(o) McCartney, J. Telscher,. & Heller,. (unpub.)

(p) Lehmann & Lehmann (2000a)

(q) Heller et al. (2004)

(r) Achmann, R. (unpub.)

(s) McCartney, J., & Telscher,. (unpub.)

(t) McCartney, J., Telscher,., Cent. L. (unpub.)

(u) Heller & Reinhold (1994)

(v) Reinhold (1994)

(w) Reinhold & von Helversen (1997)

(x) Lehmann & Lehmann (2007 and in squeeze)

Table 2. Regressions amidst male body volume (MBM),
spermatophore mass, spermatophylax mass, ampulla mass
and seminal fluid number among 33 species of Poecilimon (36 taxa,
n=62). * = elemental

Theories F-statistic p value

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